Stereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for...

Stereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for the Past Forty Years This study examines stereotyping of Arab Muslims in the New York Times for the past forty years. Theorists suggest that stereotyping of a minority group effects the publics opinion of that group. Other communication media theorists say that only under extreme conditions will the negative stereotypes reflect the publics opinions of the portrayed minority group. The parallel theory between propaganda and stereotyping by the mass media is examined. Theorists including Thomson, (1977) Myers, (1992), related to mass media effects strongly agree claiming that repetitive and non-contradictive images in the media are an effective form of propaganda. The research†¦show more content†¦5. Believe that there is only one God. and Mohammed is the prophet of God. Otherwise one is untruthful if one calls him or her self a Muslim. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYING STEREOTYPING OF MUSLIMS IN THE New York Times FOR THE PAST FORTY YEARS? New York Times is accepted world wide as the number 1 international news paper Atef, (1994). Consistency of negative stereotyping for 40 years is believed by media theorists to be a key factor in shaping public opinion. Prophet Mohammed says The pen is mightier than the sword . Is the media a significantly a dangerous weapon to 8 million Muslims in America, 48 Muslim nations worldwide, 1 billion Muslims on Earth, and the fastest growing religion. More humans have died because of their religion than any other cause of death. Torah, Bible, and the Holy Koran are the sacred books of these religions. With the Disney and ABC Cap city and Warner and CBS and other mergers, the media is becoming more consolidated. The significance of negative stereotyping is outlined by Thomson, (1977) who reveals the results of negative stereotyping as Polarization, Trivialization, Tension, and Depoliticisation. Single owners have more control over what one watches and reads. LITERATURE REVIEW OF JOURNAL ARTICLES ON STEREOTYPING Many communication theorists have studied stereotyping in the different facets of the mass media concerning minority groups. Theorist Zillmans study on stereotyping examinesShow MoreRelatedRacial Profiling in the US3466 Words   |  14 Pagesspite of all the efforts made within United States to eradicate racial disparities, the media still broadcast discriminatory images and thoughts. Ethnic minorities are constantly being depicted as the culprits and the prime suspects in any crime. Muslim are always associated with fascism, Blacks are always associated with thugs, Mexicans are always depicted as illegal immigrants or drug cartels, Russians as spies and the list goes on. However, the White people are depicted as victims and innocentsRead MoreSocial Causes and Consequences of Inequalities Based on Race, Class, Gender, and Sexual Orientation2854 Words   |  11 Pagesspite of all the efforts made within United States to eradicate racial disparities, the media still broadcast discrim inatory images and thoughts. Ethnic minorities are constantly being depicted as the culprits and the prime suspects in any crime. Muslim are always associated with fascism, Blacks are always associated with thugs, Mexicans are always depicted as illegal immigrants or drug cartels, Russians as spies and the list goes on. However, the White people are depicted as victims and innocentsRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 PagesUniversity of Nebraska–Lincoln Jonathan P. Doh Villanova University INTERNATIONAL MANAGEMENT: CULTURE, STRATEGY, AND BEHAVIOR, EIGHTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright  © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous editions  © 2009, 2006, and 2003. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrievalRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOrganizational Behavior This page intentionally left blank Organizational Behavior EDITION 15 Stephen P. Robbins —San Diego State University Timothy A. Judge —University of Notre Dame i3iEi35Bj! Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services:Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages......................................................................................... 427 Argument from Analogy .............................................................................................................. 430 Induction from Past to Future (Prediction) ................................................................................ 434 Appeal to a Typical Example ....................................................................................................... 435 ArgumentRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pagesimportant in this era To assess the various marketing approaches and principles 3. MARKETING MANAGEMENT: Marketing has evolved into a very important functional area in management basically due to the increasing supply and lower demand over the years. This is primarily through the competitive intensity in every sphere of the market. When competition increases, as you know, every firm wants to be heard in the market. This will make the firms to be different than the competitors. Hence marketing

The Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper - 951 Words

The Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Sophia Martinez Psychology 490 Capstone Course in Psychology October 5, 2011 Giselle Gourrier, Ph.D. The Diverse Nature of Psychology Paper Psychology is a discipline that has extensive implications for other areas of science while simultaneously maintaining a narrow concern for the derivation of scientific knowledge about human and non-human behavior (Stanovich, 2010). This paper is concerned with the assessment of two sub-disciplines and sub-topics within psychology, theoretical perspective of the sub-disciplines, and the psychological contribution to society on the chosen sub-disciplines and sub- topics. Diversity on major concepts There are 54 subdivisions of psychology within the†¦show more content†¦I/O psychology can be implemented in any type of business within contemporary society. However, Group-think can only be implemented in specific business that emphasizes beliefs and behaviors from the specific organization or group. Group- think is a collectivistic approach however; it can be used in the individualistic societies as well (PsyBlog, 2009). The second concept being assessed is the Humanistic theory. Humanistic theory can be applied to other disciplines like sociology if an individual wants to enhance the understanding on how an individual behaves in the larger realm of society. Everyone deals with his or her own internal struggles that can ultimately affect other individuals around him or her. This view argues that an individual is free to choose his or her own behavior, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli or reinforce. In order to have a positive self concept an individual has a certain needs that must be met. These needs are basic needs, Safety, love and belong, achievement, and Self- Actualization Theoretical Perspective Going back to Individualism and Collectivism the collectivistic prospective is much more understanding with group think and less accepting of Self- Actualization. As individualistic theory is more accepting on Self- actualization because of the emphasize on an individual’s goals and values over the groups. Having the I/O theory implemented into any business despite theShow MoreRelatedThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Essays919 Words   |  4 PagesThe Diverse Nature of Psychology Psychology, though a young field, is a uniquely successful one, flourishing in the twentieth century through intellectual and social expansion (Darity, 2008). From its philosophical roots to its emergence as a scientific discipline, the field of psychology has been concerned with behavior and mental processes. By its very nature, the field is diverse encompassing many subdisciplines and areas. The American Psychological Association recognizes more than 50 differentRead MoreThe Diver810 Words   |  4 Pagesse Nature of Psychology The Diverse Nature of Psychology Christine Woyner PSY 490 September 19, 2011 Edna Foster The Diverse Nature of Psychology The diverse nature of psychology begins with making a difference in a diverse setting. This involves the implementation of critical psychology concepts, subdisciplines and subtopics, motivation, behaviorism, and cognition. Moreover, these subdisciplines and subtopics may be applied to other disciplines in contemporary society. In additionRead MoreThe Study of Human Behavior in Given Situations1613 Words   |  7 PagesPsychology is a social science study that covers diverse subject topics and carries out different forms of research in order to understand the development and function of human beings. It is a scientific study that focuses on peoples mind and its functions especially those affecting behavior in a particular context. 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As well as, explain how these subtopics affect my personal theoretical perspective. LastlyRead MoreFamily Psychology ( Therapy ) Essay1016 Words   |  5 PagesFamily Psychology (Therapy) Michael Daniel Weigant School of Professional Counseling Lindsey Wilson College Author Note 716 Kingdom Come Drive. Cumberland Ky. 40823 Mikeweigant@yahoo.com Abstract This research paper is going to look at a career in family therapy. It is going to discuss some of the things a psychologist does with their patients. The type of pay they receive. The paper is also going to discuss a few different options people have with education. FinallyRead MorePersonalities Theories Paper785 Words   |  4 PagesRUNNING HEAD: PERSONALITIES THEORIES PAPER Personality Theories Paper Izine Harris University of Phoenix Kurtis Armstrong October 14, 2012 Personality Theories Paper Personality is derived from of many different theories and genres. Personality typically can be reference to as many diverse arrays of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that sets each individual apart in a unique way. Theorist has concluded that an individual external influence can inspire how certain traits are articulatedRead MorePiaget And Vygotsky s Theories1008 Words   |  5 Pagestime of great change in the world of psychology in Germany, America, and in Britain through contributions of several â€Å"new heroes [that] were much more holistic, much less reductionist†¦the worldwide major figures in the field of developmental psychology were now Lev Vygotsky and Jean Piaget†. Lourenà §o (2012) reiterated the importance of Piaget and Vygotsky as two influential developmental psychologists and added that â€Å"their contributions to developmental psychology, albeit different, are similarly remarkableRead MoreObeservational and Sampling in Traditional and Cultural P sychology Research1680 Words   |  7 PagesSir Davi Mbelu University of Phoenix Introduction In this paper attempt shall be made to compare multicultural and traditional psychology research methods with a view to examining observation and sampling as the variables of interest. However, these variables of interest shall be assessed in respect of how they are applied in cultural and traditional psychological research. In addition, the fundamental

Operations Management - Process Redesign - 4363 Words

Claims Outlay Recovery for XXXXXXXXXXXXX Ltd – An analysis of a recently undertaken process redesign and commentary on its effectiveness Submission Date : 15th April 2013 Word Count: 3654 (Excl. Title page, contents, Exec Summary, Figures, references, bibliography) 1) Executive Summary 2 2) Introduction 3 a) XXXXXXXXXXXXX Ltd 3 b) Scope Of The Review 4 c) Current Cash Collection Process 6 d) Objectives 7 3) Business Process Review 7 1) Step 1 : Schedule planning and programme development 9 2) Step 2 : Review the current process 10 3) Step 3 : Speak to job holders about the current process 11 4) Step 4 : Draft process maps based on the current process and obtain job holder feedback 12 5) Step 5 :†¦show more content†¦Given this, the management team made the decision to undertake a review of the cash recovery process itself with a view to developing a new strategy which would speed up cash collections. The process review was commenced by management in September 2012. By January 2013 however it became clear to the management team that although they had an idea of what they wanted to achieve, and the issues they believed were preventing this, they were not equipped to complete the process review themselves. At this time I was approached by them and retained as a consultant with a view to not only completing a full process review and implementation, but also to ensure that the process put in place was scalable for the increasing business they were expecting to take on over the coming 24 months. It was clear from my analysis of the initial XXXXXXXXXXXXX process design (what little of it their was) that little thought or analysis was carried out into the market generally or what they were looking to achieve or felt would be reasonable before they designed the initial process. 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Therefore, the planning and analysis process will focus on how the new system will affect specific business process and the entire organization. This section discusses the firm’s IT strategy and planning process, use of management decision support and intelligent systems, and IT security policyRead MoreQuestions On The Health Information Service855 Words   |  4 PagesThe Health Information Service (HIS) Department faced a m utation in their daily operation due to two main recognized factors: the first factor is the recent implementation of electronic health records; and the second factor is the continuous change in the health care delivery system. These two factors require extra effort and attention in the daily performance by employees of the HIS Department. 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The job redesi gn had set modification and re-arrangement of task structure and processes of work administered through the principles of job enrichment. Keywords: electronic environment, rate of workdone, limits complexity, managerial tools. Introduction DueRead MoreAn Example of an Introduction1608 Words   |  7 PagesAn Example Of An Introduction How to write an Introduction It is the intention of this essay to critically analyse how a manager is able to plan, organise, lead and control the introduction of a self management team at Aerospace Technology Port Melbourne manufacturing plant. Secondly, this essay will also critically analyse how a self managing team leader is able to involve team members in problem identification, team meetings and rostering and strategic thinking and problem solving. ThirdlyRead MoreImproving The Organizational Structure Of A Job Redesign816 Words   |  4 Pagesworking smarter is an alternative to work overload by implementing a job redesign or also known as job enrichment. The following questions are answered below. How are the principles of goal setting applied in this case? For the HIS Department, the goal is job redesign, in order to comply with the high demand of converting paper charts to electronic records. The goals are to re-engineer, restructure, work redesign and job redesign the entire organization. Re-engineering is when leaders examines carefullyRead MoreThe Supplier Chain Operations Reference Model Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesThe Supplier Chain Operations Reference model (SCOR) is a set of clearly defined, interconnected concepts used to evaluate and compare supply chain processes within an organization, industry or business sector. It was created by the Supply Chain Council in 1996 the year the council was organized. The Supply Chain Council is a global, non-profit trade association. In 2014 the Supply Chain Council merged with APICS a professional association of supply chain and operations management. SCOR is a frameworkRead MoreChange and Culture Case Study 21738 Words   |  7 PagesChange and Case Study II Virginia Musoke HCS-514 June 3, 2013 Change and Case Study II When two companies merge, upper management has many decisions to make about the organization, from what the mission statement will be, to what type of goals they have in mind to how many employees will be necessary to accomplish the goals. In the beginning, it is important to blend the two cultures and create the new organization. Six months after the merger of Cypress Creek Hospital and Clovis CommunityRead MoreDescription Of A Facility Layout1713 Words   |  7 Pagesoverall customer experience. In order for a company to receive great productivity from its workers and provide the customers with a memorable experience, they must decide on the layout of the facility. Although many may believe this is a very easy process, it really isn’t! The layout of the facility is very important so companies must make sure it is properly designed to suit the products and/or services it is providing. There should be just as much thought if not more put into the facility layout

The Importance Of Being Accepted When Coming Out As A Gay...

The Importance of Being Accepted When coming out as a gay individual, there is a desire to be loved and accepted for who they are by the family. When parents reject their child’s sexual orientation it often comes to kicking the child out of their home out of shame for their sexuality. In recent statistics, ‘Studies indicate that between 25% and 50% of homeless youth are LGBT and on the streets because of their sexual orientation or gender identity’ (Pflagnyc, Statistics You Should Know About Gay and Transgender Students). LGBT youth’s also have an increased chance of living in an abusive household with older parents due to a contrast of two different generations. The young generation of today is more susceptible to accepting LGBT members because it is a more liberal time period. However, the older generations are most likely to shun them due to biblical or principals that they grew up with. The more accepting parents are of things they cannot change, the ha ppier the child often is after coming out to them. Homelessness has become an issue in recent years as more teens are starting to come out to their parents, who have lived in the previous generation. Religion has played a key part in the rejection of LGBT youth’s due to its blunt statements like, â€Å"Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination† (Bible 98). Older generations examine and follow the bible more closely than the newest generation and take certain verses to heart. Because they read thatShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Gay Marriage1269 Words   |  6 Pages It appears people are less frequently getting married to hide being gay than in the past. Now it has be-come more prominent socially. The legalization of gay marriage has led to more people feeling comfortable coming out. There are definitely still people that hide being gay due to family, friends, or religious lack of acceptance. This could af-fect treatment of patient if they do not fully tell the physician their full sexual history. In the video, one of the characters said, â€Å"everything in itsRead MoreHistorical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality907 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical and scientific perspectives on homosexuality In contemporary Western culture, choices about romantic love and sexuality are a critical aspect of individual self-definition. Whether someone is homosexual or heterosexual is thus also considered to be a crucial aspect of who he or she is as a human being. In previous eras, where individuals were married young, and entered into arranged marriages, this was not the case. Although people had same-sex desire, this desire was enjoyed outside of marriageRead MoreThe Amazing Adventures Of Kavalier And Clay1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States has struggled with the ideal of freedom throughout history including the 21st century. Nothing is more foundational to Americans as individuals and as a nation than freedom. Freedom, known as liberty, is embedded in our history and everyday life. American freedom has been represented by statues, fleeing from slave masters, and the rights to vote. Freedom has never been a fixed concept, it has been a tenacious conflict in American history. Ame rican freedom has been debates, disagreementsRead MoreA Progressive Era Of The United States Of America Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesdominant culture in America has presented toward the LGBT community has made it almost impossible for LGBT educators to feel welcome and safe in their schools and neighborhoods. The beginning years of a child’s life are very crucial because it is when the foundation of their knowledge is built. School teachers play a big role in young children’s lives because beginning as early as the age of four, parents send their kids to school to begin their education. Because of what we learn in school andRead MoreSexuality And Its Impact On Our Values And Experience Taught By Alfred C. Kinsey1649 Words   |  7 PagesDiamonds John Corvino and Tech they all point out the beauty of sexual fluidity and they all challenge heteronormativity because it limits sexual freedom. Furthermore, they explain the importance of people’s gender presentation. For their reading I learned to be more spathic of marginalized groups such as homosexuals, be more open to sexual fluidity despite my religious value, and have enough respect for people preferred gender and sexuality. Coming up as a young kid from South Central Los AngelesRead MoreRough Draft For Better Or For Worse3638 Words   |  15 PagesRough Draft â€Å"For Better or for Worse† When we are young we play house and we play doctor, we pretend we are husbands and wives to the kids we play with. Marriage is imbedded into our minds at a young age and we value marriage as we get older. We see examples of marriages through personal experience, the TV, and through the media, but how much has marriage changed now compared to the 1950’s? The idea of marriage has been altered and improved since the 1950’s because of feminism, views about individualismRead MorePrejudice And Discrimination Regarding Lgbt Essay2199 Words   |  9 PagesAthletics There are differences between what is considered to be prejudice and what discrimination is. Prejudice is identified as a typically negative attitude that is directed towards an individual s social status, or group. Discrimination is reported as completing a negative act, or acts, towards a group, or individuals in a group, on the bias of the same reason or reasons. Given what is known, or inferred, about prejudice and discrimination, it can be related back to how LGBT associates are effectedRead MoreThe Issue Of Adolescent Homosexuality2435 Words   |  10 PagesIn today’s society, it is very difficult for some teenagers to be who they truly are because of the risk of being ostracized and isolated by their peers. There are certain pressures and prejudices imposed by a predominately heterosexual society on homosexuals, and especially on homosexual teens, that can cause teenagers to suppress their preferences. These stereotypes can influence if a teen is willing to openly rev eal their sexual identity and because society has become so absent- minded to theRead MoreMulticultural Issues in the Helping Profession Essay3828 Words   |  16 Pagesof sub-cultures that exist such as interracial couples, the disabled such as children with autism, and homosexual cultures. In this new era we live in, interracial marriages and relationships are becoming more customary than forty years ago. When the immigration policy changed allowing more Asians and Hispanics into the United States, the flood gates opened for interracial marriages between Asians and Whites and Hispanics and non-Hispanics (Rosenfeld). Nevertheless, interracial marriages continueRead MoreThe Theory Of Moral Behavior1615 Words   |  7 Pagesneutral. This means that all questions are leading questions, that we always have a notion of the knowledge we find. The definition of ‘neutral’ in the English dictionary is: ‘not supporting either side in a conflict, disagreement: impartial’1. It means being detached and impersonal to situations, questions or judgements. Mathematics, as an area of knowledge is said to be a subject that already exists in the natural world, only that we discover its marvellous phenomena rather than invent them. The discoveries

The world Trade Organization (WTO) Free Essays

Introduction WTO and Trade Libralization: â€Å"The world Trade Organization (WTO), is the only global international organization monitoring and controlling the rules of trade between nations. It was formed in 1995 with the General Agreement of Trade and Traiffs (GATT) as its basis.† (Paul and Aserkar, 2010:1) The Doha Development Agenda: The fourth ministerial conference in Doha, in its November 2001 declaration, highlights the directives of negotiations around 21 subjects and the problems faced in their execution. We will write a custom essay sample on The world Trade Organization (WTO) or any similar topic only for you Order Now The declarations support the WTO agreement objectives in order to amend the restrictions and biases in the world agriculture markets. (http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dohaexplained_e.htm#subsidies) The member countries are entitled to focus on the following facts: Access to Market Subsidies on Export Reduction in domestic support. For developing countries like Africa and Latin America, the Doha Declaration provides a differential treatment during the negotiations with some special provisions to monitor if the countries meet with the basic needs like food security and overall development. Competitive Environment: â€Å"No prohibitions or restrictions other than duties and taxes whether made effective through quotas, import or export licences or other measures, shall be instituted or maintained by any contracting country on the importation of any product of any other member country.† (GATT 1947) According to the original GATT, introduction of non-tariff barriers such as subsides and import quotas, creates an unfair environment, highly distorting the agricultural trade especially with the use of export subsidies. (http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/dohaexplained_e.htm#subsidies) The Multilateral Agreement in the agriculture sector produced in the Uruguay Round laid the foundation to a fair competition with minimum distortions, through constant restructuring in the negotiations. (http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/agric_e/agric_e.htm) Africa and Latin America have predominantly large population especially in the rural areas, wherein the prime focus of these groups is agriculture. As per the FAO 2000 reports, agriculture occupies 50 percent and 20 percent of the total employment in the African and Latin American countries. (Morrison and Sarris, 2007: 340) The European Union and The United States trade polices play a major role in promoting the overall progress of the developing nations by providing adequate support in accordance to the WTO agreements. No doubt that, agricultural products occupy a major share in exports of the developing countries. The United States and European Union impose higher controls on the agricultural exports of these developing nations by excising or imposing subsidies. However it would be quite unfair on their part, just to focus on either Africa or Latin America or only on the agricultural products and no other major industries or sectors. Moreover they are not legally obliged to focus on the concerns of other countries for their own benefits. In this competitive world, the big players should promote equal opportunities for all the countries, especially the developing ones. The core sectors need to be classified and equally promoted for a balanced overall growth. As in most developing countries, the rules and procedures of the multilateral trading system are regarded as unfair by the developing countries. They view the rules and procedures as favouring the developed countries. For example, although the WTO is supposed to be a member-driven organization, important issues and decisions are taken in â€Å"Green Room† meetings and African countries do not have proportionate and adequate representation at these meetings. In addition, because of their relatively low bargaining power, countries in the region have difficulties setting and influencing the agenda and pace of negotiations. The lop-sided power structure of the multilateral trading system is evident in the fact that developed countries managed to get the Singapore Issues on the agenda of the Doha Work Programme at the WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha despite mounting opposition from developing countries, who comprise more than two-thirds of the membership of the WTO. The Singapor e Issues contributed to the failure of the 2003 WTO Ministerial Conference in Cancun and three of the four issues were eventually taken out of the Doha Agenda. (Morrison and Sarris, 2007: 344-345) To stabilize farmers’ incomes and preserve a practical, diverse agricultural system is by combining the supply management and the price supports. In order to be effective, The United States and European Union should impose superior tariff controls along with the price supports on the imported farm goods. However such a policy prescription, of course, runs completely counter to the entire neoliberal thrust of the last twenty-five years, and would effectively remove US farm policy from the regulatory jurisdiction of the WTO, signalling the end of the WTO’s Agreement on Agriculture. (http://www.foodfirst.org/backgrounders/subsidies) References: Justin Paul and Rajiv Aserker (2010) 5th edn. Export Import Management. New Delhi: Oxford University Press WTO (n. d.) WTO | DOHA Declaration [online] available from [1 May 2011] WTO (n. d.) WTO | Agriculture Gateway [online] available from [1 May 2011] Morrison and Sarris (2007) WTO rules for agriculture compatible with development. Rome: fao.org Karl Bietel (2005) ‘U.S. Farm Subsidies and the Farm Economy’. FOOD FIRST 11 (3), 3 How to cite The world Trade Organization (WTO), Essay examples

Pollinators free essay sample

Under 1840s conditions, only 20% of scents were altered by chemical reactions within a 1,000-meter radius downwind of the floral source. In the most polluted scenario, only 25% of the scents survived 300 meters downwind. Today, more than 842 million people nearly three times the population of the United States are chronically hungry. 43 Chronic hunger is a profound, debilitating human experience that affects the ability of individuals to work productively, think clearly, and resist disease. it drains economies, destabilizes governments, and reaches across international boundaries. millions are undernourished The food security issues are a global concern. hunger is one of the greatest problems the international community is facingFood security deserves its place in any long-term calculation regarding global security. Widespread chronic hunger causes widespread instability and debilitating poverty and decreases all of our safety, Food insecurity, therefore, causes global insecurity b ecause widespread instability threatens all of our safety. China pollinates by hand now A third of global farm output depends on animal pollination, largely by honey bees. These foods provide 35pc of our calories, most of our minerals, vitamins, and anti-oxidants, and the foundations of gastronomy. Yet the bees are dying – or being killed – at a disturbing pace. The story of colony collapse disorder (CCD) is already well-known to readers of The Daily Telegraph. Some keep hives at home and have experienced this mystery plague, . Albert Einstein, who liked to make bold claims famously said that if the bee disappeared off the surface of the globe, man would have only four years to live. China has its own problems. Crops are now pollinated by hand using feather brushes, a laborious process as one bee colony can pollinate up to 300million flowers a day. Einstein was not wrong. US pollutants are on the declineSpectroscopic images from remote-sensing satelliteshave revealed a decreasing concentration of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid, precursors to ozone. Scientists at NOAA confirmed pollution controls put in place 10 years ago are impacting us today. The air is cleaner in the regions where we have reduced emissions of a key pollutant. The 10 years of before-and-after data revealed a 40 percent reduction in pollution. Satellites have detected a 38% decline in nitrogen dioxide in thestates between 1999 and 2005, itrogen dioxide and nitric oxides are two gases that form a group of pollutants known as nitrogen oxides, When combined with other gases and sunlight, they form ozone, a major air pollutant in smog. Ground-The NOAA study is the first to verify from space that these single-point reductions have had a measurable impact on the atmosphere across the entire region. Cars are the largest source of pollution in the US Transportation is the largest single source of air pollution in the United States. It causes over half of the carbon monoxide, over a third of the nitrogen oxides, and almost a quarter of the hydrocarbons in our atmosphere in 2006. ir pollution is associated with the full life-cycle of cars and trucks. This includes air pollution emitted during vehicle operation, refueling, manufacturing, and disposal. Motor vehicles cause both primary and secondary pollution. Nor is vehicles good for the environment because buses and Diesel-powered commuter trains burn fossil fuels just like automobiles. IndyGo’s buses use more energy and emit more greenhouse gases, per passenger mile, than the average SUV, and extending bus service to remote suburbs will only make things worse. Construction emissions and feeder buses substantially increase emissions even where electric-powered rail transit generates less greenhouse gases than cars or buses, the trains are supported by feeder bus systems that emit lots of greenhouse gases. the feeder buses that support rail transit run fairly empty because many rail riders drive to transit stations. The result is that greenhouse gas emissions on many transit systems increase after opening rail transit lines. Construction of rail transit also consumes huge amounts of energy and releases enormous amounts of greenhouse gases. Highway construction also generates greenhouse gases, but because highways are much more heavily used than most rail transit lines, the emissions per passenger mile are far lower. The history of the last four decades shows that transit cannot and will not play a significant role in saving energy or preventing climate change. spending more money on transit does not significantly reduce driving. Transit uses just about as much energy as cars, so even if we could persuade people to take transit it would not save energy. Transit subsidies have historically had only a trivial effect on ridership. Annual subsidies in real dollars grew by 68 percent. Yet annual ridership grew by only 18 percent. Despite total real subsidies of well over three-quarters of a trillion dollars since 1970, per-capita transit ridership and passenger miles actually declined. transit uses as much energy and generates nearly as much greenhouse gas per passenger mile as urban driving. In 2006, the nations transit systems used an average of 3,444 BTUs and emitted 213 grams of CO2  per passenger mile. And light truck energy efficiencies have rapidly improved, while transit energy efficiencies have declined. If auto manufacturers meet the Obama administrations new fuel-economy standards for 2016 BY25 the average car on the road will consume only 2,600 BTUs and emit only about 186 grams of CO2  per passenger mile—considerably less than most transit systems this rapid improvement is possible because Americas auto fleet almost completely turns over every 18 years. By comparison, cities that invest in rail transit are stuck with the technology they choose for at least 30 years. he fossil-fuel-burning plants used to generate electricity for rail transit emit enormous amounts of greenhouse gases. Washingtons Metrorail system, for example, generates more than 280 grams of CO2  per passenger mile— considerably more than the average passenger car. Pollution masks floral scents pollinators need to locate plants ozone and other constituents of smog destroy at least some of t he floral perfumes that pollinators rely on to find their meals. Bees might suffer from these smog constituents, which pollute urban and rural areas alike. Foragers most likely to be confused by air pollution’s degradation of floral scents are pollinators such as moths and bats. Flower scents vulnerability to ozone and other reactive chemicals is not new. Under pristine conditions, scent molecules could drift unchanged over a kilometer or more, The strength and length of that plume diminished dramatically, however, in the presence of smog constituents. Within just 200 meters, half of the average intensity of a scent plume was lost, The report analyses the potential for many signals that nature depends on to go askew. ozone. In heavily polluted areas, up to 75% of floral markers are destroyed It had already been established that when fragrance molecules wafting downwind meet up with air pollutants, chemical reactions alter the floral scents the fate of three common volatile hydrocarbons emitted by flowers as they encountered increasing levels of ozone, hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals. The researchers plugged these data into a model to test different air pollution scenarios ranging from conditions that prevailed during the 1840s to current summertime conditions in large eastern U. S. cities, where ozone levels can exceed 120 ppb by volume. Under 1840s conditions, only 20% of scents were altered by chemical reactions within a 1,000-meter radius downwind of the floral source. In the most polluted scenario, only 25% of the scents survived 300 meters downwind. Extinction: Honeybees are key to prevent extinction Without the Honeybee, we too would die off eventually from critically low food resources of all kinds. It wouldnt take many generations for use to disappear either. Easily it could happen in our life time There is a real threat to the preservation of this important creature and mans intervention is crucial to their survival. Plants and Food: Pollinators are key to the production of one third of all the world’s food and the survival of 90% of all flowering plants Imagine living in a world without flowers or fruit or coffee or chocolate. Thanks to pollinators like bees, the food we eat and flowers and plants are possible. Butterflies, birds, beetles, bats, wasps and even flies are important in the pollination process. But despite the importance of pollinators, they are taken for granted all too often. More than 1,300 types of plants are grown around the world for food, beverages, medicines, condiments, spices and even fabric. Of these, about 75% are pollinated by animals. More than one of every three bites of food we eat or drink are directly because of pollinators. Pollinators ultimately play a role in the majority of what we eat and consume. Pollinators are vital to creating and maintaining the habitats and ecosystems that many animals rely on for food and shelter. Worldwide, over half the diet of fats and oils comes from crops pollinated by animals. They facilitate the reproduction in 90% of the world’s flowering plants. Today, more than 842 million people nearly three times the population of the United States are chronically hungry. 3 Chronic hunger is a profound, debilitating human experience that affects the ability of individuals to work productively, think clearly, and resist disease. it drains economies, destabilizes governments, and reaches across international boundaries. In sub-Saharan Africa, millions are undernourished and millions more live on a dollar a day, making it the most po verty-stricken region in the world today. The food security issues of this region are a global concern. Together with terrorism, hunger is one of the greatest problems the international community is facing. Food security deserves its place in any long-term calculation regarding global security. Widespread chronic hunger causes widespread instability and debilitating poverty and decreases all of our safety. Global Economy: Pollinator loss would cause worldwide economic loss of almost $400 billion The worldwide economic value of the pollination service provided by pollinators, Was â‚ ¬153 billion* in 2005 for the main crops that feed the world. This figure amounted to 9. 5% of the total value of the world agricultural food production. Pollinator disappearance would translate into a consumer surplus loss estimated between â‚ ¬190 to â‚ ¬310 billion. The decline of pollinators would have main effects on three main crop categories fruits and vegetable were especially affected with a loss estimated at â‚ ¬50 billion each, followed by edible oilseed crops with â‚ ¬39 billion. Potera 08 [Potera, Carol, Has Written for EHP since 1996. She Also Writes for Microbe, Genetic Engineering News, and the American Journal of Nursing. Http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516566/.   US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health, Aug. 2008. Web. 8 Nov. 2012. .] Trudell, 2005 (J. D. Candidate 2006, Robert H. Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Intl L. Com. 277, Lexis) Prichard, Ambros E. , AEP. Einstein Was Right Honey Bee Collapse Threatens Global Food Security. The Telegraph (n. d. ): n. pag. 6 Feb. 2011. Web. 5 Feb. 2013. NOAA 7[NOAA, The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Is a Federal Agency F ocused on the Condition of the Oceans and the Atmosphere. Whats In Our Air? Atmospheric Scientists Map Pollution Decrease.   ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 1 May 2007. Web. 10 Nov. 2012. .] UCS 8 [The Union of Concerned Scientists, leading science-based nonprofit working for a healthy environment, â€Å"Cars, Trucks, and Air Pollution†, http://www. ucsusa. org/clean_vehicles/why-clean-cars/air-pollution-and-health/cars-trucks-air-pollution. html O’Toole, 12 senior fellow at the Cato Institute   (Randal, â€Å"Indy Transit Task Force Misses the Mark,† http://www. cato. org/publications/commentary/indy-transit-task-force-misses-mark O’Toole 2009 senior fellow at the Cato Institute   (Randal, Congressional Testimony, â€Å"On Transit and Climate†, http://www. ato. org/testimony/ct-ro-20090707. html) Raloff 08[Janet Raloff, has been reporting at  Science News  for more than three decades on the environment, energy, science policy, agriculture and nutrition. She earned undergraduate and graduate degrees from the Medill School of Journalism at Northwestern University (with an elective major in physics) May 200 8, Journal of Science News, Environment: pollution may confuse pollinators: smog dilutes scents needed to guide floral foragers, Vol. 73, Issue 16] Trudell, 2005 (J. D. Candidate 2006, Robert H. , Fall, Food Security Emergencies And The Power Of Eminent Domain: A Domestic Legal Tool To Treat A Global Problem, 33 Syracuse J. Intl L. Com. 277, Lexis) Potera 08 [Potera, Carol, Has Written for EHP since 1996. She Also Writes for Microbe, Genetic Engineering News, and the American Journal of Nursing. Http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516566/.   US National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health, Aug. 2008. Web.